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Gondar – centuries – old castles, machiatto and note of indian cuisine

Gondar is an ancient historical and royal city of Ethiopia. It is also known as the „Camelot of Africa” due to presence of several classical, centuries-old, stone castles and palaces. Gondar was a home or many emperors and princesses from the 12th century to the last decade of the 20th century.

We arrived to Gondar after dark. We have read that the best place to overnight in town was Belegez Pension (quite famous among overlanders). We couldn’t find the place, however some local boy jumped on Terri’s car and he was pointing directions to that guest house. When we reached Belegez Pension, it turned out to be the tourist hot spot. It didn’t have a camping site, but enough space on the courtyard to just park and go to sleep. We paid around 100 birrs per car, per night. In the evening we had first beer since, probably Hungary and we were chatting with travellers and backpackers, who were staying there. We have met many awesome people!

Next morning the weather was very nice, so we went for a walk around the town. And the fun just started…Lots of kids were walking behind/next/in front of us and they were shouting „Birr,Birr, Birr”, „You, you,you”, „Pen,pen,pen” or „You, Farangi”(you,foreigner!) and asking for things like: „ Give me money”, „give me sweets”, „t-shirt”, „buy me shoes”or ”buy me food”. We were sort of beset by kids! We also noticed that Ethiopians love buying fresh chickens, but fresh chicken in Ethiopian style means: hang poor, still alive chicken upside down, tie its legs to a stick and walk around the town! (It looked sort of like walking shops with livestock).

The weather in the morning was beautiful, but in the afternoon it changed and it started to rain heavily. We were lucky as we were sitting on the roof top of one of the restaurants and drinking one of the best machiatto’s in the world, which cost us only 0.30 USD

Historical curiosity:

Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world. The country held onto its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the Italian occupation from 1936 through 1941. Moreover, lots of people believed that Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee. According to some experts the indigenous coffee trees (which are the only native coffee tree in the world) firstly grew in ancient Abyssinia – present Ethiopia. „These trees blossomed in an area called “Kaffa” and the trees were called “Kafa,” which may as well be the root word for coffee. In the tenth century, coffee was considered a food” (Ethiopia Coffee and Trade, 1997). As a result of Italian influence, machiattos and cappuccinos  are very popular in the whole country and they are amazingly  delicious. To us one of the best coffees we have ever tasted.

Regarding food, in Gondar we tried for a first time SAMOSA – fried pastry with lentils and also donaughts , which were very similar to these traditional from Poland, but without icing.

In Gondar we were also told that there was a really good car mechanic, who can mend everything. Terri went there to ask whether they could do something to fix the damage on their Cruiser. Charlie decided to accompany her and, since we agreed to wait with her anyway, asked if they were able to correct Rusty’s wheel alignment as he noticed that Rusty wasn’t driving very straight any more and our tyres were getting excessively worn on their sides. Having had a really good experience so far with recommended garages and since our „friend from the guest house” was with us and helping translate, Charlie made the mistake which we were warned never to make in Africa. We didn’t agree the price beforehand…   It took them less than an hour and we were fairly impressed as all they used was a couple of spanners, a piece of a string and some elbow grease. All was well until the time came to pay for the services. We knew the issue was easy to fix, anywhere in Europe it’d have cost max 20USD and would have been done correctly using laser-sensors and a computer. Seemingly, in a country where a full plate of food costs you 2USD, a roof over your head 5USD and a „female companion” probably no more than 10USD, as soon as one gets a spanner he can ask 80USD for a simple and only roughly-good repair… Suddenly the guy who brought us there turned out not to know the mechanic so well any more, then suddenly didn’t even know English well enough to mediate in negotiations either. Settling on a smaller, yet still high enough to pi** you off, sum we were off again. It was not the first, nor the last time in Africa that Charlie thought to himself that he would tatoo „TiA” on his forehead before our journey’s end. THIS IS AFRICA.

On the other hand when I was waiting with Terri till her car would be done a little girl appeared (the daughter of the head mechanic) and started to chat with Terri and me. She was so cute and polite. Plus, her English was very good. At the end of our talk she gave me her bracelet saying: „I give you this bracelet you always remember me and never forget my country. These are colours of Ethiopia yellow red and green…”. I never took photo of her, but meeting her was really something unbelievably great. She was a brilliant exception from the rest of kids in town who were chasing us at every occasion

Shoes cleaning services – This sort of street job in Ethiopia is very common. I needed to clean my shoes after getting stuck in Sudan, as they were covered by dried up mud, sticky and stinky. I paid 50 birrs and I  received very clean, shiny and white speakers back .

In Gondar as well we managed to organise 6 months insurance valid for most of African countries, we were planning to visit. We got a really great price deal for COMESA INSURANCE, which is commonly accepted. You pay once (We paid 60USD for half a year) and you don’t have to worry about insurance till you reach The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries.

Categories: Ethiopia I | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Where the Nile falls down – The Blue Nile Falls

The  Blue Nile Falls –  an amazing waterfall on the Blue Nile River.  The impressive plums of mist bellowing from the depths of falls led Ethiopians to name it Tis Abay, which in Amharic means „smoking water”.  The path to the falls starts west of the ticket office. After couple of rocky footpaths there is a 17th-centurury Portuguese bridge, which I am mentioning about as it was the first stone bridge constructed in Ethiopia and it is really beautiful.

Blue Nile Falls are around 30 km from Bahir Dar (10 km on tarred road and 20 km on gravel, muddy, bumpy/corrugated road) The scenery around is really beautiful, but the road itself horrible. One way drive to the Falls took us more than 2 hours! Yeap, We did 20 km in 2 hours!!! Even kids who were running behind or along our Rusty, sometimes were faster than us and they were overtaking our van! Seriously!! Although, driving was frustrating we were enjoying landscapes and villages. Kids were rather nice and except shouting: „pen, pen, pen”, „you, you, you”, „give me money”,„give me cold water” or „bon, bon (give me some sweets)” they mostly were friendly waving towards us”. There was only one bizarre child, who was throwing some animal poo into our and Terri’s car. His throwing was really well-aimed as later on we noticed animal dung splattered on the back of our vehicles. Not nice!!

After bumpy drive we finally reached the ticket office. We paid entrance fee (it didn’t cost much, 30 Birrs or so) and 10 Birrs to a guy for watching our car. And of course we got surrounded by local kids and teenagers who were offering themselves as our tour guides. We refused any kind of guidance and help, but it didn’t really matter to them as  they anyway walked with us.  There were two kids who spoke English quite well; one of them was walking with Terri and one with Charlie. Due to the rainy season, the whole place was very slippery and muddy. My shoes unfortunately were not gripped enough and all the time I was being left behind. Because of that I also needed to deal with rest of the kids, who were nice but persistent as well. One girl was really cute and asked me if I could take her to my country and adopt her as my child or sister. Adorable:)

One of the attraction to us was walking through a suspension bridge (sort of new construction over there). While I was looking down, someone told us that recently a donkey fell into the river and drowned. Really sad story!

We spent around 1,5 hours at the Blue Nile Falls. Because of the rainy season the waterfall was very full of waters and looked very powerful – amazing views! When we got back to our cars, my „not that long ago clean shoes” were covered by mud again.  A group of teenagers came to us and one of the boys asked whether he could clean my shoes. I answered that because of that bad weather it was pointless as they would get dirty again very soon. Then he said that actually he really liked my speakers and asked me if I could give them to him, because he never had proper shoes and he want to become a professional Olympic runner. It was really sad to refuse– but on the other hand they were not able to understand that I didn’t have any spare pair of proper shoes with me.

Categories: Ethiopia I | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Wadi Halfa – town from Wild West:D

We arrived to Wadi Halfa around noon, but it took another hour before we left the ferry. We were not in hurry and that was mistake(!), but we totaly didn’t know what to do next and where to go. When we got off and we basically saw nothing…. the lake and sand.. lots of sand, some chairs set under sort of a tent and barrel with drinking water. We couldn’t find the other ovelanders as well. Nevertheless, someone nice man informed us that to get to Immigration and Customs buildings we could take a free bus. So we did it.

At the Immigration Hall they checked our bags (even food bags) and our passports, but no one could tell us more about the barge and cars. We knew that we would not get more info that day so we took a taxi (2 Sudanese Pounds) to the town to find some place to sleep…

Wadi Halfa – hmm..a  really small town, which is actually busy only when ferry from/to Egipt is around. Otherwise it looks like abandoned, sleepy and dusty town from “Wild West”.

Now: It is important to get out from the ferry asap as later you will get problem to find a place to stay for a night. Everywhere we asked, there was nothing available. We somehow found a room in the cheapest hotel in Wadi Halfa. The Deffintoad hotel looked more like a jail and rooms like prison cells, but it was nice to lie down anyway. Of course there was no water in the bathroom – if I can call those “chambers” like that (We for some reasons didn’t take our own photos of that hotel – but we “borrowed” them from other overlander’s blogs.

 Because we were so exhausted, we just went to sleep and slept till the evening. When we got up we walked around the town and bought some cold water and soft drinks. When we got back to the hotel, we got surprised.  There was not any more rooms available so they solved that problem by adding more and more beds in the hall, which was actually outside (Sleeping in the open air)

Next morning, we were woken up by our missing overlanders Terri and Johnny and their fixer – Mazar Mahir. They found us, as Mazar told them that the Deffintoad hotel is very often taken by Polish people…Anyway Terri said that barge with our cars was coming that day in the afternoon, but firstly we needed to register our passports in ALIEN REGISTRATION OFFICE. They gave us directions and we went there.

Alien Registraion Office is located on the main street (green building). The entire registration took us an hour or two. We needed to fill special form, left many signatures and one photocopy each. We paid 50 USD each and we finaly had stickers in our passports. The whole procedure in Alien Registraion Office we managed to do witout the fixer.

After registration, we took a TUK TUK and went to the port as Rusty was already there. At the harbour we were told that we would not manage to do all customs witout a fixer as they would not to talk with us. We sort of got forced to cooperate with Mazar, who it seemed didn’t like Charlie.

Once the barge is docked, you will get problems with unloading your car from it. Sometimes they dock in a way than driving off from the  barge is impossible. Anyway, in 2 hours and we figured it out how to unload Rusty and Terri’s and Jonny’s car (We build ramps from whatever we found nearby:D)

We needed to agree with Mazar that we would pay him 30 USD per car. I think that 30 USD included not only our fixer fee but also customs tax and port tax however I don’t remeber. I also think that we might have paid less to Mazar than Terri and Johhny as he never went with us to Alien Registration Office. We thought that we would leave the port the same day, but Mazar told us that customs officer was too tired as he had long day and we must come back next day to finish clearing customs (Normally the port opens at 9Am and closes at 6PM, but due to Ramadan they had different opening hours). We were off back to the town. It was much less people so we could find a better hotel  (Cleopatra Hotel) and we took a 4 beds room with Terri and Johnny we shared 60SP between ourselves. In the evening we went  together for a dinner and all us ordered fried goat with bread.

Next day, we came back again to the port and this time custom officer came and checked firstly our chassis number and then our car. Charlie opened the back door, the guy had an quick look on our stuff, but to be honest he was more interested in photos we had on the Rusty’s ceiling that what we had inside. The whole procedure took him not even 10 minutes…

Few more things and we were back on the road again……

Categories: Sudan | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Saqqara and Dashur and palm groves

As you can see Pyramids of Giza were not enough to us and we decided to visit different ones, also located nearby Cairo. We went to Saqqara – where the earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found, and to Dahshur –which is known for several pyramids, two of which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved.

We paid (prices based on student discount) 30 EP/person for Saqqara Site and Imhotep Museum (it displays finds from the site, photos are not allowed) and 15 EP/ person for Dahshur.

When we were driving towards those pyramids sites, we accidentally lost our way and turned into small road, which led us to a  small village. I am writing about it for two reasons. Firstly, it was so strange to see lush, green grass and palm groves nearby desert regions, and secondly people there were extremely nice and we finally weren’t felt like “walking cash machines”. We saw some guys selling grapes and Charlie decided to buy a little bit and those adorable people firstly refused payment, but Charlie insisted and they at last accepted our money. It was absolutely lovely to find that place.

 Finally, we found our Saqqara Site. At the gate we were welcomed by a security guard who was trying to write down our details, but none of his pens didn’t work. I gave him mine and he was extremely happy when we said that he could keep it forever. At the gate we also bought tickets and after that we drove inside the site looking for a place to park. To be honest, there was plenty parking space as it looks that Saqqara is not that popular as Giza Plateau.

We parked and we started walking towards the main attraction of the Saqqara Plateau called The Pyramid of Djoser. At the entrance we had unpleasant welcome. Bunch of local people were sitting in the corridor and they said that we were not allowed to go further without paying. We said that we already paid for the tickets and we showed them the proof. It was not enough as they claimed that no one could go inside without a guide. We said that we never heard about that and there was no sign saying so. Somehow we managed to squeeze between them and just pass through. Similar situation we had around 30 minutes later. After the main pyramid, we were exploring the rest of the site. We saw another entrance to somewhere and again few local people around it. We asked them whether that place was for free to visit and they answered:  “no, you need pay some money”.  Expression “some money” didn’t convince us and we just turned back.  After not even 3 seconds they start shouting: “We are joking, we are joking it is free”. We turned back again, but to be honest we didn’t find anything interesting there. At the end we popped in to the Imhotep Museum – plenty of finds, different kinds, and the most important – it is a great place to cool down (air-conditioning).

Dashur – almost no tourist there. Nice place to see. Main attractions:

1.The Red Pyramid, named for the rusty reddish hue of its granite, which is the world’s first successful attempt at constructing a “true” smooth-sided pyramid. In my opinion it is worth to see the inside of this construction. Pretty impressive.

2.The Bent Pyramid, it has a unique shape, which represents a transitional pyramid form believed to have been the result of an engineering crisis encountered during its construction. We could admire this masterpiece only outside. As I remember inside was under construction or so.

Short video – What you can find inside pyramids….

Categories: Egypt II | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Aswan – 3 days of faked happiness

The reasons why we had to stay in Aswan 2 weeks were:

1)getting us on the ferry to Sudan and

2) getting Rusty on the barge, which also goes to Sudan

It sounds simple, but it’s not really. The border between Egypt and Sudan is long, but all land border crossing are closed.There is a talk of a land border opening up, but that’s been a rumour for years. Who knows maybe that happy day will come,  so far the only way to get to Sudan from Egypt or vice versa is a passenger ferry  and separate barge for vehicles, which runs across the world’s largest man –  made  Lake Nasser . Passenger ferry leaves once a week (Monday) and separate barge, which transport cars and other goods, leaves when it is fully packed and barge company’s costs are covered.  It is very important to arrive to Aswan at least 4 days before ferry leaves and do all paperwork!

When we arrived to Aswan/ Adam Home it was already late afternoon. Next day, Charlie was feeling better, so we decided to go the town and start organising ferry to Sudan. Before we left, Mohamed had shown us their Guest Book – but it wasn’t just a guest book with comments regarding the place. That thing was seriously very useful as other overlanders, who stayed at Adam Home wrote about their experiences connected with leaving Egypt (Plenty of advices where to go, what to do firstly, how to behave and lots of useful GPS coordinates). The guest book is worth to have a look!

The first thing you need to do/you need to have before you start doing all paperwork in Egypt to get on the ferry to Sudan is SUNDANESE VISA. Unfortunately, our visas to Sudan, which Charlie organised in Berlin expired and we needed to apply for another ones. Surprisingly, it was very easy to get them. Aswan seems to be the best place to apply for Sundanese visas. We paid 50 USD/person (in Berlin 80 Euros/person) and we could pick them up within two hour the same day.

Next, we went to Nile Navigation Office (Ticket Office) to talk with the Manager Mr Saleh and buy tickets  for a ferry and barge. Unfortunately, there was no Mr Saleh around, so we left. When we were  about to drive back to Adam Home, some guy came to us and asked whether we were interested in getting on the next  ferry to Sudan. He also asked if we wanted to join his customers in solving all paperwork. We couldn’t believe how lucky we were – firstly there was a chance to leave Egypt that soon, secondly there were other overlanders, other people who wanted to cross Africa by their car (Due to unstable situation in the Middle East and that time lack of ferry between Turkey and Egypt we lost our hope to meet other overlanders).  That was the moment of joy. In Aswan,  we met first overlanders and their unusual mode of transport. Let me present : Dirk&Trudy, their crew and amazing car – 1915 Model T-Ford from the Netherlands. They are travelling around the World in order to raise money to support the worldwide work of SOS Children’s villages International.  The black continent was just one part of their around the World expedition.

If your are interested in Model T World Tour have a look here:  

T-Ford Model World Tour

We agreed to join them and even used their fixer as the perspective of going to Sudan that soon was very tempting. Their fixer took us to the TRAFFIC COURT. In traffic court you need to get a slip of paper that  says you haven’t committed any driving offences whilst driving in Egypt (Remember our car crush with UFO, while we were leaving Cairo? Finally, we never  reported this car incident to anyone officially and  that was a good decision as otherwise, who knows how many problems we would get at Traffic Court). The fixer was helping us to get those slips, but to be honest (when you are leaving Egypt) you are able to do all paperworks without any helpers. Even though we started going forward with paperwork, we still were not very convinced that we would leave Egypt with the crew form the Netherlands as we still didn’t have ferry tickets. The fixer (I think his name was Mohamed) said that he spoke with Mr Saleh and all we needed to do was just go to his office next day and pay for tickets. After  traffic court we were told that rest of the paperwork would be solved next day and today we should pack and enjoy Aswan. With smiles on our faces we came back to Adam Home and we started packing. In the evening we met with Dirk, Trudy and rest of the crew as they had invited us for a delicious dinner.

Next day, we said good bye to our Nubian friends and very happy went to Mr Saleh Office to buy tickets…Well, we knew that perspective of leaving Egypt was to beautiful to be real. At the Nile Navigation Office we were told that we were actually not going to Sudan on the next ferry as there was not enough space for our Rusty on the barge. Mr Saleh told us that they forgot about the car, which was already in the harbour. That vehicle couldn’t go on the previous barge as it was suspected of smuggling drugs and police needed to check it. The car was clean and it had precedence to go first. We were also told that we might go on the ferry next week or in two weeks…. or we could pay around 2000 USD and hire private barge to transport our van. We didn’t have a choice and we needed to wait till the barge would be fully packed to cross the Lake. It was seriously depressive as there was no other overlanders and local people generally don’t transport their cars. We could wait ages…With that perspective, but also with little hope we were waiting for miracle!!

During the next week we were calling Mr Saleh, waiting for his phone call, visiting him in his office and asking whether  there was a chance for a barge next Monday. The whole situation was horrible, we were trying to be patient, but we were getting more and more frustrated. Most of the time we were spending at Adam Home (as we naturally came back there), but time to time we were going out and we were  exploring Aswan and surroundings…We needed to do something otherwise we would go crazy.

Categories: Egypt IV | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Around Aswan

During our stay in Aswan we needed to find ourselves an entertainment. We were exploring Aswan in many ways. We were climbing the nearest dunes, as you already know we visited  Nubian village, plus we did some other sightseeing. For instance we went to see the High Dam, we did a day Nile Cruise with Mohamed and we explored the most amazing Temple in the whole Egypt – Abu Simbel.

Regarding to High Dam – it is an example of modern and also controversial construction on monumental scale in Egypt. The main target of that enormous  investment  was to increase economic production by further regulating the annual river flooding.  Nevertheless, it also brought great benefits to the Egypt’s farmers increasing cultivable land by at least 30%. And helped a lot in generating hydroelectricity – the electricity producing capability of the Dam doubled Egypt’s available supply. As a curiosity: the hydro-electric power generated is able to supply electricity to the whole of the country, however when we were in Aswan every day sometimes night the town had lot of power cuts – some of them lasted even few hours. The Aswan High Dam has produced several negative side effects, mostly environmental such as: raise of water tables, use of artificial fertilisers led to increasing salinity of the the agricultural areas and it caused endemic infection in perennially irrigated canals.Aswan High Dam is very often visited by tourists as it is historic attraction.

In terms of hassle, Aswan was much better that other cities in the North. Of course we had to deal time to time with insolent people, but it wasn’t that bad. When we were in town we of course were buying lots of water and other soft drinks. We discovered a sort of street shop (nearby the Nile Navigation Office) with a  large choice of drinks.  When we came first time, they were trying to cheat us. The conversation started like this:

Us: – “Salam Alaikum, how much for the Sprite?”

Seller:- “ 7 Egyptian Pounds”

Us:- “Ok, how much for the Coke?”

S: – “ 7 Egyptian Pounds”

U: – “Ok, how much for the water?”

S: – “ 5 Egyptian Pounds”

The prices were clear – we were supposed to pay 19EP. We didn’t have smaller money that day than 50EP and we gave that note to the seller. He gave us only 5 EP change(!) He looked into Charlie’ s eyes with a confused face expression and asked: – “Is that ok?”

We looked at him and said:  – “No it’s not ok, we gave you 50 EP and we were supposed pay 19 EP”

The guy gave us 10 EP more, smiled and asked: – “Is it ok now?”

We got a little bit angry, but still politely answered: – “No, it’s no ok, you need to give us more change”

After, third time we finally got 30EP change….

They were trying some funny games the next time we went over to buy more drinks, but already after a few words the owner said to the guy who was serving us “Halas!” (which mean Stop/That’s enough!) – And after that suddenly everyone started counting correctly and shopping became so much easier.

In Aswan we also discovered shop with souvenirs, which was named: „No hassle shop”. That name was interesting, and I wanted to test whether it was really no hassle…Well nobody bothered me, but young boy (seller) asked me 6 Euros for one not even looking good postcard! A wayyy to expensive…

What we definitely would love to recommend to anyone in Aswan is McDonald with  one of the best views ever – On the Nile River🙂. It was weird, but fast food helped Charlie to recover faster. We assumed that due to Ramadan all sandwiches were freshly made on customer’s request. The buns were crispy, salad fresh and meat juicy🙂 Plus they had amazing, seriously amazing freshly squeezed orange juice.

In Aswan we also noticed enormous amount of luxurious cruise ships. They were mostly docked on the river banks…they were half empty, just time to time we saw a person in bikini/swimming trunks walking on the ship’s roof deck, where swimming pool and leisure area were available.

Categories: Egypt IV | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Cappadocia – The lunar land!

Cappadocia – the land of lunar landscapes and surreal scenery full of ancient churches and cave dwellings, which is situated deep in the heart of Turkey. Cappadocia consists of soft volcanic tuff that has been sculpted over million years into incredible shapes by water and erosion. The result of this amazing geological process is fascinating: huge stone mushrooms called “chimney mushrooms” by local people, soft ridges and deep valleys, acute edges and mild undulations.  Early Christians carved chambers and labyrinths into those chimneys and use them as homes, stables and chimneys .During our “lunar” trip, we had an opportunity to explore Cappadocia upside down by visiting one of those underground cities called Kirkgoz. It was a nice a cool experience – and “cool” here has two meanings as firstly, being underground when above is over 30 degrees of Celcius was such a relief and secondly those underground  labyrinths and chambers gave us a feeling of being in the Flintstone World. (Unfortunately, our photos are very blurred, so we have unloaded only one from that site).

In Cappadocia, in overall we spent 3 days – driving around different towns and admiring various shapes of rocky sculptures.  This land is very diverse as every few kilometers landscapes were changing. It looked more like a trip from the Moon to the Mars as rocks were getting more pink and red)

On the last day whilst we were walking through one of those lunar valleys– we met very nice Turkish people, who were working in the field. As they had a break, they invited us for a cup of tea. Again – in order to communicate we needed to use English, some French and Turkish, but the best way to keep conversation was as always sign language. We were contributing in preparing tea and also one of our new friends showed us how to help tomatoes grow properly. At the end, we were invited for a nice Turkish coffee and some apricots (plenty of apricots trees – sort of wild-growing in that ares– good timing for us). The coffee and fruits were served inside the shelter, which was excavated in the rock by Mother Nature, of course and improved by our Turkish friends as they installed door and glassy windows…Nice and cool place for lunch time, heh:)

In general, it seems that Cappadocia is properly used by Turkish people living in this region. For instance, in main towns such as Goreme or Urgup rocky labyrinths and chambers are used as hotels or restaurants.

A little bit “balloon” map of Cappadocia

kappamap1

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Categories: Cappadocia | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

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